Email this article Intelligent Concrete with Self-x Capabilities for Smart Cities
Abstract
Intelligent concrete refers to the structural materials which can sense the changes of environment and make suitable responses by altering one or more working parameters in real time. The ‘intelligent’ properties of concrete are achieved mainly by improving the composition of raw materials or combining some functional materials with concrete matrix, thus leading to the concrete possessing bionic features. Compared to conventional concrete, the reliability and sustainability of structures can be optimized by applying properly designed intelligent concrete materials. Additionally, the life-cycle costs, resource consumption and environment pollution can be reduced. In the past few decades, considerable efforts have been put towards the research of intelligent concrete and many innovative achievements have been gained in the development and application of intelligent concrete. Twelve types of intelligent concrete emphasizing on its self-x capabilities are systematically reviewed in this paper, with attentions to their principles, composition, fabrication, properties, research progress and structural applications. In addition, some comments and prospects for the development of self-x concrete are also discussed.
Keywords
Full Text:
References
Aitcin P. (2000) Cements of yesterday and today: concrete of tomorrow. Cement and Concrete Research 30: 1349-1359.
Spillman Jr WB, Sirkis JS and Gardiner PT. (1996) Smart materials and structures: what are they? Smart Materials and Structures 5: 247.
Sun M, Li Z and Liu Q. (2002) The electromechanical effect of carbon fiber reinforced cement. Carbon 40: 2273-2275.
Han B, Wang Y and Dong S, et al. (2015) Smart concretes and structures: A review. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 26: 1303-1345.
Concrete S. (2005) The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete.
Domone PL. (2007) A review of the hardened mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 29: 1-12.
Najim KB and Hall MR. (2010) A review of the fresh/hardened properties and applications for plain-(PRC) and self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC). Construction and Building Materials 24: 2043-2051.
Okamura H and Ouchi M. (2003) Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 1: 5-15.
CECS 203：2006 (2006), Technical Specifications for Self Compacting Concrete Application, Standardization Institute of Chinese Construction Standard, Beijing, China.
Persson B. (2001) A comparison between mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete and the corresponding properties of normal concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 31: 193-198.
Nagamoto N and Ozawa K. (1999) Mixture properties of self-compacting, high-performance concrete. Special Publication 172: 623-636.
Kesler CE and Pfeifer DW. (1970) Expansive cement concretes-present state of knowledge.
Nagataki S and Gomi H. (1998) Expansive admixtures (mainly ettringite). Cement and Concrete Composites 20: 163-170.
Wu, Z.W. and Zhang, H.Z. (1990). Expansive concrete. China Railway Publishing House, Beijing, China.(in Chinese)
Carballosa P, Calvo JG and Revuelta D, et al. (2015) Influence of cement and expansive additive types in the performance of self-stressing and self-compacting concretes for structural elements. Construction and Building Materials 93: 223-229.
Klein A, Karby T and Polivka M. (1961) Properties of an expansive cement for chemical prestressing. Journal of the American Concrete Institute 58: 59.
Lees JM, Gruffydd-Jones B and Burgoyne CJ. (1995) Expansive cement couplers: A means of pre-tensioning fibre-reinforced plastic tendons. Construction and Building Materials 9: 413-423.
Huang K, Deng M and Mo L, et al. (2013) Early age stability of concrete pavement by using hybrid fiber together with MgO expansion agent in high altitude locality. Construction and Building Materials 48: 685-690.
Yan P and Qin X. (2001) The effect of expansive agent and possibility of delayed ettringite formation in shrinkage-compensating massive concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 31: 335-337.
Yan P, Zheng F and Peng J, et al. (2004) Relationship between delayed ettringite formation and delayed expansion in massive shrinkage-compensating concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 26: 687-693.
Mo L, Deng M and Tang M. (2010) Effects of calcination condition on expansion property of MgO-type expansive agent used in cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research 40: 437-446.
Mehta PK and Pirtz D. (1980) Magnesium oxide additive for producing selfstress in mass concrete. In 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of CementVol. III, Paris, 6-9.
Mo L, Deng M and Tang M, et al. (2014) MgO expansive cement and concrete in China: Past, present and future. Cement and Concrete Research 57: 1-12.
Chatterji S. (1995) Mechanism of expansion of concrete due to the presence of dead-burnt CaO and MgO. Cement and Concrete Research 25: 51-56.
Weber S and Reinhardt HW. (1997) A new generation of high performance concrete: concrete with autogenous curing. Advanced Cement Based Materials 6: 59-68.
Jensen OM and Hansen PF. (2001) Water-entrained cement-based materials: I. Principles and theoretical background. Cement and Concrete Research 31: 647-654.
Powers TC and Brownyard TL. (1946) Studies of the physical properties of hardened Portland cement paste. Bulletin 22.
Neville AM. (1995) Properties of concrete.
Henkensiefken R, Castro J and Bentz D, et al. (2009) Water absorption in internally cured mortar made with water-filled lightweight aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research 39: 883-892.
Jensen OM and Hansen PF. (2002) Water-entrained cement-based materials: II. Experimental observations. Cement And Concrete Research 32: 973-978.
Geiker MR, Bentz DP and Jensen OM. (2004) Mitigating autogenous shrinkage by internal curing. ACI SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS143-154.
Piérard J, Pollet V and Cauberg N, et al. (2006) Mitigating autogenous shrinkage in HPC by internal curing using superabsorbent polymers. In RILEM proceedings PRO, 97-106.
Craeye B. (2006) Reduction of autogenous shrinkage of concrete by means of internal curing. In Master Dissertation, Ghent University (in Dutch).
Bentz DP. (2007) Internal curing of high-performance blended cement mortars. Aci Materials Journal 104: 408.
Lura P. (2003) Autogenous deformation and internal curing of concrete: TU Delft, Delft University of Technology.
Craeye B, Geirnaert M and De Schutter G. (2011) Super absorbing polymers as an internal curing agent for mitigation of early-age cracking of high-performance concrete bridge decks. Construction And Building Materials 25: 1-13.
Hasholt MT, Jensen OM and Kovler K, et al. (2012) Can superabsorent polymers mitigate autogenous shrinkage of internally cured concrete without compromising the strength? Construction And Building Materials 31: 226-230.
Bentz DP. (2009) Influence of internal curing using lightweight aggregates on interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in mortars. Cement and concrete composites 31: 285-289.
Liu X, Chia KS and Zhang M. (2010) Development of lightweight concrete with high resistance to water and chloride-ion penetration. Cement and Concrete Composites 32: 757-766.
Liu X, Chia KS and Zhang M. (2011) Water absorption, permeability, and resistance to chloride-ion penetration of lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction And Building Materials 25: 335-343.
Bentz DP and Jensen OM. (2004) Mitigation strategies for autogenous shrinkage cracking. Cement and Concrete Composites 26: 677-685.
Lura P, Ye G and Cnudde V, et al. (2008) Preliminary results about 3D distribution of superabsorbent polymers in mortars. In Proc. Int. Conf. Microstructure-related durability of cementitious composites, RILEM Pro, 1341-1348.
Oh BH, Cha SW and Jang BS, et al. (2002) Development of high-performance concrete having high resistance to chloride penetration. Nuclear Engineering And Design 212: 221-231.
Villarreal VH and Crocker DA. (2007) Better pavements through internal hydration. Concrete international 29: 32-36.
Bentz DP and Weiss WJ. (2011) Internal curing: a 2010 state-of-the-art review: US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Chung DD. (1998) Self-monitoring structural materials. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 22: 57-78.
Vera-Agullo J, Chozas-Ligero V and Portillo-Rico D, et al. (2009) Mortar and concrete reinforced with nanomaterials Nanotechnology in Construction 3.: Springer, 383-388.
Banthia N, Djeridane S and Pigeon M. (1992) Electrical resistivity of carbon and steel micro-fiber reinforced cements. Cement And Concrete Research 22: 804-814.
Han B, Ding S and Yu X. (2015) Intrinsic self-sensing concrete and structures: A review. Measurement 59: 110-128.
Xie P, Gu P and Beaudoin JJ. (1996) Electrical percolation phenomena in cement composites containing conductive fibres. Journal Of Materials Science 31: 4093-4097.
Sun M, Li Z and Mao Q, et al. (1998) Study on the hole conduction phenomenon in carbon fiber-reinforced concrete. Cement And Concrete Research 28: 549-554.
Han BG, Han BZ and Yu X, et al. (2011) Ultrahigh pressure-sensitive effect induced by field emission at sharp nano-tips on the surface of spiky spherical nickel powders. Sensor Letters 9: 1629-1635.
Wen S and Chung D. (2006) The role of electronic and ionic conduction in the electrical conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced cement. Carbon 44: 2130-2138.
Han, B., Zhang, L., and Sun, S.et al. (2015) “Electrostatic self-assembly CNT/NCB composite fillers reinforced cement-based materials with multifunctionality. Composites Part A Applied Science & Manufacturing 79:103-115.
Chen P and Chung D. (1996) Concrete as a new strain/stress sensor. Composites Part B: Engineering 27: 11-23.
Fu X and Chung D. (1997) Effect of curing age on the self-monitoring behavior of carbon fiber reinforced mortar. Cement And Concrete Research 27: 1313-1318.
Wen S and Chung DD. (2006) Effects of strain and damage on strain-sensing ability of carbon fiber cement. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering 18: 355-360.
Materazzi AL, Ubertini F and D Alessandro A. (2013) Carbon nanotube cement-based transducers for dynamic sensing of strain. Cement and Concrete Composites 37: 2-11.
Stauffer D and Aharony A. (1994) Introduction to percolation theory: CRC press.
Wang X, Wang Y and Jin Z. (2002) Electrical conductivity characterization and variation of carbon fiber reinforced cement composite. Journal Of Materials Science 37: 223-227.
Wang X, Wang Y and Jin Z. (2002) Electrical conductivity characterization and variation of carbon fiber reinforced cement composite. Journal Of Materials Science 37: 223-227.
Chen P and Chung D. (1993) Carbon fiber reinforced concrete as an electrical contact material for smart structures. Smart Materials and Structures 2: 181.
Muto N, Yanagida H and Nakatsuji T, et al. (1992) Design of intelligent materials with self-diagnosing function for preventing fatal fracture. Smart Materials and Structures 1: 324.
Fu X and Chung D. (1998) Radio-wave-reflecting concrete for lateral guidance in automatic highways. Cement And Concrete Research 28: 795-801.
Sun M, Li Z and Mao Q, et al. (1998) Thermoelectric percolation phenomena in carbon fiber-reinforced concrete. Cement And Concrete Research 28: 1707-1712.
Mingqing S, Zhuoqiu L and Qizhao M, et al. (1999) A study on thermal self-monitoring of carbon fiber reinforced concrete. Cement And Concrete Research 29: 769-771.
Sun M, Li Z and Liu Q, et al. (2000) A study on thermal self-diagnostic and self-adaptive smart concrete structures. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 1251-1253.
Wen S and Chung D. (2000) Enhancing the Seebeck effect in carbon fiber-reinforced cement by using intercalated carbon fibers. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 1295-1298.
Wen S and Chung D. (2001) Cement-based thermocouples. Cement And Concrete Research 31: 507-510.
Wen S and Chung D. (2006) Model of piezoresistivity in carbon fiber cement. Cement And Concrete Research 36: 1879-1885.
Han B, Guan X and Ou J. (2007) Electrode design, measuring method and data acquisition system of carbon fiber cement paste piezoresistive sensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 135: 360-369.
Han B, Yu X and Ou J. (2010) Effect of water content on the piezoresistivity of MWNT/cement composites. Journal Of Materials Science 45: 3714-3719.
Chung D. (2012) Carbon materials for structural self-sensing, electromagnetic shielding and thermal interfacing. Carbon 50: 3342-3353.
Han B, Sun S and Ding S, et al. (2015) Review of nanocarbon-engineered multifunctional cementitious composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 70: 69-81.
Sanchez F and Sobolev K. (2010) Nanotechnology in concrete–a review. Construction And Building Materials 24: 2060-207.
Fu X, Lu W and Chung D. (1996) Improving the tensile properties of carbon fiber reinforced cement by ozone treatment of the fiber. Cement And Concrete Research 26: 1485-1488.
Chen P, Fu X and Chung D. (1997) Microstructural and mechanical effects of latex, methylcellulose, and silica fume on carbon fiber reinforced cement. Aci Materials Journal 94: 147-155.
Fu X, Lu W and Chung D. (1998) Improving the strain-sensing ability of carbon fiber-reinforced cement by ozone treatment of the fibers. Cement And Concrete Research 28: 183-187.
Xu Y and Chung D. (2000) Cement-based materials improved by surface-treated admixtures. Aci Materials Journal 97: 333-342.
Wang S, Liang R and Wang B, et al. (2009) Dispersion and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube composites. Carbon 47: 53-57.
Konsta-Gdoutos MS, Metaxa ZS and Shah SP. (2010) Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials. Cement And Concrete Research 40: 1052-1059.
Han B, Zhang K and Yu X, et al. (2011) Fabrication of piezoresistive CNT/CNF cementitious composites with superplasticizer as dispersant. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering 24: 658-665.
Han B, Yu X and Ou J. (2011) Multifunctional and smart carbon nanotube reinforced cement-based materials Nanotechnology in civil infrastructure.: Springer, 1-47.
Han B, Yu X and Ou J. (2014) Self-sensing concrete in smart structures: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Chen PW and Chung D. (1995) Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Concrete as an Intrinsically Smart Concrete for Damage Assessment during Dynamic Loading. Journal Of The American Ceramic Society 78: 816-818.
Fu X and Chung D. (1996) Self-monitoring of fatigue damage in carbon fiber reinforced cement. Cement And Concrete Research 26: 15-20.
Wen S and Chung D. (2000) Damage monitoring of cement paste by electrical resistance measurement. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 1979-1982.
Bontea D, Chung D and Lee GC. (2000) Damage in carbon fiber-reinforced concrete, monitored by electrical resistance measurement. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 651-659.
Wen S and Chung D. (2001) Carbon fiber-reinforced cement as a strain-sensing coating. Cement And Concrete Research 31: 665-667.
Chung D. (2003) Damage in cement-based materials, studied by electrical resistance measurement. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 42: 1-40.
Shi Z and Chung D. (1999) Carbon fiber-reinforced concrete for traffic monitoring and weighing in motion. Cement And Concrete Research 29: 435-439.
Han B, Yu X and Kwon E. (2009) A self-sensing carbon nanotube/cement composite for traffic monitoring. Nanotechnology 20: 445501.
Han B, Zhang K and Yu X, et al. (2011) Nickel particle-based self-sensing pavement for vehicle detection. Measurement 44: 1645-1650.
Yunovich M and Thompson NG. (2003) Corrosion of highway bridges: Economic impact and control methodologies. Concrete International 25: 52-57.
Poole, B. (2012). Biomimetics: Borrowing from biology. Available at: http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/biomimeticsborrowingfrombiology/ (accessed 09/09/2012).
Zwaag S. (2008) Self healing materials: an alternative approach to 20 centuries of materials science: Springer Science+ Business Media BV.
Ghosh SK. (2009) Self-healing materials: fundamentals, design strategies, and applications: John Wiley & Sons.
Kishi T, Ahn TH and Hosoda A, et al. (2007) Self-healing behavior by cementitious recrystallization of cracked concrete incorporating expansive agent. In First international conference on self-healing materials. Springer, Dordrecht.
Edvardsen C. (1999) Water permeability and autogenous healing of cracks in concrete. ACI Materials Journal-American Concrete Institute 96: 448-454.
Neville A. (2002) Autogenous healing—a concrete miracle? Concrete International 24: 76-82.
Yang, Y.Z., Lepech, M.D. and Yang, E.H. et al. (2009). Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet-dry cycles. Cement Concrete Research 39:382-390.
Termkhajornkit P, Nawa T and Yamashiro Y, et al. (2009) Self-healing ability of fly ash–cement systems. Cement and Concrete Composites 31: 195-203.
Van Tittelboom K, Gruyaert E and Rahier H, et al. (2012) Influence of mix composition on the extent of autogenous crack healing by continued hydration or calcium carbonate formation. Construction And Building Materials 37: 349-359.
Snoeck D, Steuperaert S and Van Tittelboom K, et al. (2012) Visualization of water penetration in cementitious materials with superabsorbent polymers by means of neutron radiography. Cement And Concrete Research 42: 1113-1121.
Snoeck D and De Belie N. (2015) Repeated autogenous healing in strain-hardening cementitious composites by using superabsorbent polymers. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering 28: 4015086.
Yildirim G, Sahmaran M and Ahmed HU. (2014) Influence of hydrated lime addition on the self-healing capability of high-volume fly ash incorporated cementitious composites. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering 27: 4014187.
Granger S, Loukili A and Pijaudier-Cabot G, et al. (2007) Experimental characterization of the self-healing of cracks in an ultra high performance cementitious material: Mechanical tests and acoustic emission analysis. Cement And Concrete Research 37: 519-527.
Jacobsen S and Sellevold EJ. (1996) Self healing of high strength concrete after deterioration by freeze/thaw. Cement And Concrete Research 26: 55-62.
Granger S, Pijaudier-Cabot G and Loukili A. (2007) Mechanical behavior of self-healed ultra high performance concrete: from experimental evidence to modeling. In The 6th international conference on fracture mechanics of concrete and concrete structures, Catalina, Italy.
Li VC, Wang S and Wu C. (2001) Tensile strain-hardening behavior of polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC). ACI Materials Journal-American Concrete Institute 98: 483-492.
Dhawale AW and Joshi VP. (2013) Engineered cementitious composites for structural applications. International journal of application or Innovation in Engineering & Management 2: 198-205.
Snoeck D and De Belie N. (2012) Mechanical and self-healing properties of cementitious composites reinforced with flax and cottonised flax, and compared with polyvinyl alcohol fibres. Biosystems Engineering 111: 325-335.
Snoeck D, Smetryns P and De Belie N. (2015) Improved multiple cracking and autogenous healing in cementitious materials by means of chemically-treated natural fibres. Biosystems Engineering 139: 87-99.
White SR, Sottos NR and Geubelle PH, et al. (2001) Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 409: 794-797.
Dry C. (1994) Matrix cracking repair and filling using active and passive modes for smart timed release of chemicals from fibers into cement matrices. Smart Materials and Structures 3: 118.
Mihashi H, KANEKO Y and Nishiwaki T, et al. (2001) Fundamental study on development of intelligent concrete characterized by self-healing capability for strength. Transactions of the Japan Concrete Institute 22: 441-450.
Ramachandran SK, Ramakrishnan V and Bang SS. (2001) Remediation of concrete using micro-organisms. Aci Materials Journal 98: 3-9.
Ramakrishnan V. (2007) Performance characteristics of bacterial concrete—a smart biomaterial. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology, 67-78.
Van Tittelboom K and De Belie N. (2010) Self-healing concrete: suitability of different healing agents. Int. J. 3R’s 1: 12-21.
Thao, T.D.P. (2011). Quasi-Brittle Self-Healing Materials: Numerical Modelling and Applications in Civil Engineering. Ph.D. thesis, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Yang Z, Hollar J and He X, et al. (2011) A self-healing cementitious composite using oil core/silica gel shell microcapsules. Cement and Concrete Composites 33: 506-512.
Pelletier MM, Brown R and Shukla A, et al. (2011) Self-healing concrete with a microencapsulated healing agent. Cement And Concrete Research.
Jonkers HM, Thijssen A and Muyzer G, et al. (2010) Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete. Ecological Engineering 36: 230-235.
Wang J, Van Tittelboom K and De Belie N, et al. (2012) Use of silica gel or polyurethane immobilized bacteria for self-healing concrete. Construction And Building Materials 26: 532-540.
Chan YN, Luo X and Sun W. (2000) Compressive strength and pore structure of high-performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 800 C. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 247-251.
Peng G, Yang W and Zhao J, et al. (2006) Explosive spalling and residual mechanical properties of fiber-toughened high-performance concrete subjected to high temperatures. Cement And Concrete Research 36: 723-727.
Kodur V, Cheng F and Wang T, et al. (2003) Effect of strength and fiber reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns. Journal of Structural Engineering 129: 253-259.
Kalifa P, Menneteau F and Quenard D. (2000) Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 1915-1927..
Hertz KD. (1992) Danish investigations on silica fume concretes at elevated temperatures. Materials Journal 89: 345-347.
Ahmed GN and Hurst JP. (1997) An analytical approach for investigating the causes of spalling of high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures. In International Workshop on Fire Performance of High-Strength Concrete, 13-14.
Han C, Hwang Y and Yang S, et al. (2005) Performance of spalling resistance of high performance concrete with polypropylene fiber contents and lateral confinement. Cement And Concrete Research 35: 1747-1753.
Lau A and Anson M. (2006) Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cement And Concrete Research 36: 1698-1707.
Xiao J and Falkner H. (2006) On residual strength of high-performance concrete with and without polypropylene fibres at elevated temperatures. Fire Safety Journal 41: 115-121.
Kalifa P, Chene G and Galle C. (2001) High-temperature behaviour of HPC with polypropylene fibres: From spalling to microstructure. Cement And Concrete Research 31: 1487-1499.
Chen B and Liu J. (2004) Residual strength of hybrid-fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Cement And Concrete Research 34: 1065-1069.
Xiao J and König G. (2004) Study on concrete at high temperature in China—an overview. Fire Safety Journal 39: 89-103.
Poon CS, Shui ZH and Lam L. (2004) Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Cement And Concrete Research 34: 2215-2222.
Zhang H and Yoshino H. (2010) Analysis of indoor humidity environment in Chinese residential buildings. Building And Environment 45: 2132-2140.
Zhang H and Yoshino H. (2010) Analysis of indoor humidity environment in Chinese residential buildings. Building And Environment 45: 2132-2140.
Jensen OM and Hansen PF. (1999) Influence of temperature on autogenous deformation and relative humidity change in hardening cement paste. Cement And Concrete Research 29: 567-575.
Nehdi M and Hayek M. (2005) Behavior of blended cement mortars exposed to sulfate solutions cycling in relative humidity. Cement And Concrete Research 35: 731-742.
Vu D, Wang K and Bac BH, et al. (2013) Humidity control materials prepared from diatomite and volcanic ash. Construction And Building Materials 38: 1066-1072.
Arundel AV, Sterling EM and Biggin JH, et al. (1986) Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments. Environmental Health Perspectives 65: 351.
Horikawa T, Kitakaze Y and Sekida T, et al. (2010) Characteristics and humidity control capacity of activated carbon from bamboo. Bioresource Technology 101: 3964-3969.
WANG J and WANG Z. (2007) Advances in Humidity-controlling Composite Materials [J]. Materials Review 6: 13.
Goto K and Terao S. (2005) Structures and humidity controlling performances of zeolite-cement hardened body. Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi(Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan) 113: 739-742.
Lefeng DZZB. (2007) Studies on The Self-humidity Controlling Characteristic of Cement-based Composite Material Modified by Attapulgite [J]. Non-Metallic Mines 4: 10.
Li Z, Wei F and Liu W. (2011) Manufacture on building blocks of humidity-controlling composite materials used in greenhouse. In Materials for Renewable Energy & Environment (ICMREE), 2011 International Conference onIEEE, 1125-1128.
Kuznik F, Virgone J and Noel J. (2008) Optimization of a phase change material wallboard for building use. Applied Thermal Engineering 28: 1291-1298.
Regin AF, Solanki SC and Saini JS. (2008) Heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12: 2438-2458.
Khudhair AM and Farid MM. (2004) A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials. Energy Conversion And Management 45: 263-275.
Pérez-Lombard L, Ortiz J and Pout C. (2008) A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy And Buildings 40: 394-398.
Lane GA. (1983) Solar heat storage: latent heat materials.
Hirayama Y, Jolly S and Batty WJ. (1997) Investigation of thermal energy storage within building thermal mass in northern Japan through dynamic building and building services simulation. In Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage, Sapporo, Japan, 355-360.
Hunger M, Entrop AG and Mandilaras I, et al. (2009) The behavior of self-compacting concrete containing micro-encapsulated phase change materials. Cement and Concrete Composites 31: 731-743.
Farid M and Kong WJ. (2001) Underfloor heating with latent heat storage. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 215: 601-609.
Castellón C, Medrano M and Roca J, et al. (2007) Use of microencapsulated phase change materials in building applications. ASHRAE. project ENE2005-08256-C02-01/ALT.
Zach J, Sedlmajer M and Hroudova J, et al. (2013) Technology of Concrete with Low Generation of Hydration Heat. Procedia Engineering 65: 296-301.
Chu I, Lee Y and Amin MN, et al. (2013) Application of a thermal stress device for the prediction of stresses due to hydration heat in mass concrete structure. Construction And Building Materials 45: 192-198.
De Rojas MS, Luxán MPD and Frías M, et al. (1993) The influence of different additions on portland cement hydration heat. Cement And Concrete Research 23: 46-54.
Kim JK, Kim KH and Yang JK. (2001) Thermal analysis of hydration heat in concrete structures with pipe-cooling system. Computers & Structures 79: 163-171.
Bullard JW, Jennings HM and Livingston RA, et al. (2011) Mechanisms of cement hydration. Cement And Concrete Research 41: 1208-1223.
Pane, I. and Hansen, W. (2005). Investigation of blended cement hydration by isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis. Cement Concrete Res., 35(6), 1155-1164.
Yang, H., Tan, L.L. and Dong, W.J. (2001). Influence of fly ash and superplasticizer on the heat of hydraion in cement. Concrete, 12, 9-12.(in Chinese)
Nocuń-Wczelik W and Czapik P. (2013) Use of calorimetry and other methods in the studies of water reducers and set retarders interaction with hydrating cement paste. Construction And Building Materials 38: 980-986.
Pang X, Boontheung P and Boul PJ. (2014) Dynamic retarder exchange as a trigger for Portland cement hydration. Cement And Concrete Research 63: 20-28.
Plank J, Sakai E and Miao CW, et al. (2015) Chemical admixtures—Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cement And Concrete Research 78: 81-99.
Xing JJ and Guan XJ. (2006) Study on the control over the cement hydration heat of the phase change materials. Res. Appl. Build. Mater 6: 4-6.
Rahhal V and Talero R. (2005) Early hydration of Portland cement with crystalline mineral additions. Cement And Concrete Research 35: 1285-1291.
Orak S. (2000) Investigation of vibration damping on polymer concrete with polyester resin. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 171-174.
Ou J, Liu T and Li J. (2008) Dynamic and seismic property experiments of high damping concrete and its frame models. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 23: 1-6.
Wong WG, Fang P and Pan JK. (2003) Polymer effects on the vibration damping behavior of cement. Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering 15: 554-556.
Xuli F and DD LC. (1996) Vibration damping admixtures for cement. Cement And Concrete Research 1: 69-75.
Wen S and Chung D. (2000) Enhancing the vibration reduction ability of concrete by using steel reinforcement and steel surface treatments. Cement And Concrete Research 30: 327-330.
Luo J, Duan Z and Xian G, et al. (2015) Damping performances of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composite. Mechanics Of Advanced Materials And Structures 22: 224-232.
Koratkar N, Wei BQ and Ajayan PM. (2002) Carbon nanotube films for damping applications. Advanced Materials 14: 997-1000.
Wang Y and Chung D. (1998) Effects of sand and silica fume on the vibration damping behavior of cement. Cement And Concrete Research 28: 1353-1356.
Dongyu X, Xin C and Xiaojing G, et al. (2015) Design, fabrication and property investigation of cement/polymer based 1–3 connectivity piezo-damping composites. Construction And Building Materials 84: 219-223.
Xie P and Beaudoin JJ. (1995) Electrically conductive concrete and its application in deicing. Special Publication 154: 399-418.
Yehia SA and Tuan CY. (1998) Bridge deck deicing.
Yehia S, Tuan CY and Ferdon D, et al. (2000) Conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing: mixture proportioning, optimization, and properties. Materials Journal 97: 172-181.
Zuofu H, Zhuoqiu L and Zuquan T. (2003) Finite element analysis and design of electrically conductive concrete for roadway deicing or snow-melting system. Materials Journal 100: 469-476.
Tuan CY. (2004) Electrical resistance heating of conductive concrete containing steel fibers and shavings. Materials Journal 101: 65-71.
Tuan CY and Yehia S. (2004) Evaluation of electrically conductive concrete containing carbon products for deicing. Aci Materials Journal 101: 287-293.
Tuan, C.Y. (2008). Tuan CY and Yehia S. (2004) Evaluation of electrically conductive concrete containing carbon products for deicing. Aci Materials Journal 101: 287-293.
Zhang K, Han B and Yu X. (2011) Nickel particle based electrical resistance heating cementitious composites. Cold Regions Science And Technology 69: 64-69.
Wu J, Liu J and Yang F. (2015) Three-phase composite conductive concrete for pavement deicing. Construction And Building Materials 75: 129-135.
Chung D. (2004) Self-heating structural materials. Smart materials and structures 13: 562.
Chen P and Chung D. (1995) Improving the electrical conductivity of composites comprised of short conducting fibers in a nonconducting matrix: The addition of a nonconducting particulate filler. Journal Of Electronic Materials 24: 47-51.
Zhou X, Yang ZJ and Chang C, et al. (2011) Numerical assessment of electric roadway deicing system utilizing emerging carbon nanofiber paper. Journal Of Cold Regions Engineering 26: 1-15.
Li H, Zhang Q and Xiao H. (2013) Self-deicing road system with a CNFP high-efficiency thermal source and MWCNT/cement-based high-thermal conductive composites. Cold Regions Science And Technology 86: 22-35.
Gomis J, Galao O and Gomis V, et al. (2015) Self-heating and deicing conductive cement. Experimental study and modeling. Construction And Building Materials 75: 442-449.
Mingqing S, Xinying M and Xiaoying W, et al. (2008) Experimental studies on the indoor electrical floor heating system with carbon black mortar slabs. Energy And Buildings 40: 1094-1100.
Li S and Ye X. (2009) Study on the bridge surface deicing system in Yuebei section of Jingzhu highway. International Journal of Business and Management 3: 116.
Yehia S, Tuan CY and Ferdon D, et al. (2000) Conductive concrete overlay for bridge deck deicing: mixture proportioning, optimization, and properties. Materials Journal 97: 172-181.
Pedeferri P. (1996) Cathodic protection and cathodic prevention. Construction And Building Materials 10: 391-402.
Stratfull RF. (1974) Experimental cathodic protection of a bridge deck. Transportation Research Record 500: 1-15
Cañón, A., Garcés, P. and Climent, M.A. et al. (2013). Feasibility of electrochemical chloride extraction from structural reinforced concrete using a sprayed conductive graphite powder-concrete paste as anode. Corrosion Science 77, 128-134.
Yehia S and Host J. (2010) Conductive Concrete for Cathodic Protection of Bridge Decks. ACI Materials Journal 107.
Sobolev KG and Batrakov VG. (2007) Effect of a polyethylhydrosiloxane admixture on the durability of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 19: 809-819.
Koch K, Bhushan B and Barthlott W. (2008) Diversity of structure, morphology and wetting of plant surfaces. Soft Matter 4: 1943-1963.
Liu Y, Chen X and Xin JH. (2006) Super-hydrophobic surfaces from a simple coating method: a bionic nanoengineering approach. Nanotechnology 17: 3259.
Ganesh VA, Raut HK and Nair AS, et al. (2011) A review on self-cleaning coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21: 16304-16322.
Popovics S. (1982) Fundamentals of Portland Cement Concrete--a Quantitative Approach: Fresh concrete: John Wiley & Sons 10: 332.
Hekal EE, Abd-El-Khalek M and El-Shafey GM, et al. (1999) Mechanical and physico-chemical properties of hardened Portland cement pastes containing hydrophobic admixtures. Part 1: Compressive strength and hydration kinetics. ZKG International 52: 697-700.
Fratesi R, Moriconi G and Tittarelli R, et al. (1997) The influence of hydrophobized concrete on the corrosion of rebars. Special Publication 173: 105-122.
Tittarelli F, Moriconi G and Fratesi R. (2000) Influence of silane-based hydrophobic admixture on oxygen diffusion through concrete cement matrix. Special Publication 195: 431-446.
Batrakov VG. (1998) Modified concrete—Theory and practice. Tekhnoproekt, Moscow.
Sobolev K, Tabatabai H and Zhao J, et al. (2013) Superhydrophobic Engineered Cementitious Composites for Highway Bridge Applications: Technology Transfer and Implementation. In.
Sobolev K, Tabatabai H and Zhao J, et al. (2013) Superhydrophobic Engineered Cementitious Composites for Highway Applications: Phase I. In.
Ding X, Zhou S and Gu G, et al. (2011) A facile and large-area fabrication method of superhydrophobic self-cleaning fluorinated polysiloxane/TiO 2 nanocomposite coatings with long-term durability. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21: 6161-6164.
Mills A and Le Hunte S. (1997) An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology A: Chemistry 108: 1-35.
Oh WS, Xu C and Kim DY, et al. (1997) Preparation and characterization of epitaxial titanium oxide films on Mo (100). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology-Section A-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 15: 1710-1716.
Fujishima A, Hashimoto K and Watanabe T. (1999) TiO2 photocatalysis: fundamentals and applications: BKC Incorporated.
Tung WS and Daoud WA. (2011) Self-cleaning fibers via nanotechnology: a virtual reality. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21: 7858-7869.
Wang R, Hashimoto K and Fujishima A, et al. (1997) Light-induced amphiphilic surfaces. Nature 388: 431-432.
Hashimoto K, Irie H and Fujishima A. (2005) TiO2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44: 8269.
Sakai N, Fujishima A and Watanabe T, et al. (2003) Quantitative evaluation of the photoinduced hydrophilic conversion properties of TiO2 thin film surfaces by the reciprocal of contact angle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 107: 1028-1035.
Cassar L. (2004) Photocatalysis of cementitious materials: clean buildings and clean air. MRS Bulletin 29: 328-331.
Chen J and Poon C. (2009) Photocatalytic construction and building materials: from fundamentals to applications. Building and Environment 44: 1899-1906.
Guerrini GL, Plassais A and Pepe C, et al. (2015) Use of photocatalytic cementitious materials for self-cleaning applications. Newsletter. 219-226.
Poon CS and Cheung E. (2007) NO removal efficiency of photocatalytic paving blocks prepared with recycled materials. Construction and Building Materials 21: 1746-1753.
Dylla H, Hassan MM and Schmitt M, et al. (2010) Laboratory investigation of the effect of mixed nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases on titanium dioxide photocatalytic efficiency in concrete pavements. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23: 1087-1093.
Guerrini GL and Peccati E. (2015) Photocatalytic cementitious roads for depollution. Newsletter. 179-186.
Maggos T, Plassais A and Bartzis JG, et al. (2008) Photocatalytic degradation of NOX in a pilot street canyon configuration using TiO2-mortar panels. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136: 35-44.
Lackhoff M, Prieto X and Nestle N, et al. (2003) Photocatalytic activity of semiconductor-modified cement—influence of semiconductor type and cement ageing. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 43: 205-216.
Auvinen J and Wirtanen L. (2008) The influence of photocatalytic interior paints on indoor air quality. Atmospheric Environment 42: 4101-4112.
Buswell RA, Soar RC and Gibb AG, et al. (2007) Freeform construction: mega-scale rapid manufacturing for construction. Automation in Construction 16: 224-231.
Buswell RA, Thorpe A and Soar RC, et al. (2008) Design, data and process issues for mega-scale rapid manufacturing machines used for construction. Automation in Construction 17: 923-929.
Le TT, Austin SA and Lim S, et al. (2012) Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete. Materials and Structures 45: 1221-1232.
Perrot A, Rangeard D and Pierre A. (2015) Structural built-up of cement-based materials used for 3D-printing extrusion techniques. Materials and Structures,1-8.
Le TT, Austin SA and Lim S, et al. (2012) Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 42: 558-566.
Feng P, Meng X and Chen J, et al. (2015) Mechanical properties of structures 3D printed with cementitious powders. Construction and Building Materials 93: 486-497.
Gibbons GJ, Williams R and Purnell P, et al. (2010) 3D Printing of cement composites. Advances in Applied Ceramics 109: 287-290.
Lim S, Buswell RA and Le TT, et al. (2012) Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes. Automation in Construction 21: 262-268.
Charron, K. (2015). WinSun China builds world’s first 3D printed villa and tallest 3D printed apartment building. Available at: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150118-winsun-builds-world-first-3d-printed-villa-and-tallest-3d-printed-building-in-china.html/ (accessed 1/18/2015).
Khoshnevis B, Thangavelu M and Yuan X, et al. (2013) Advances in contour crafting technology for extraterrestrial settlement infrastructure buildup. AIAA 5438: 10-12.
Cesaretti G, Dini E and De Kestelier X, et al. (2014) Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology. Acta Astronautica 93: 430-450.
Neithalath N, Bentz DP and Sumanasooriya MS. (2010) Advances in pore structure characterization and performance prediction of pervious concretes. Concr Int 32: 35-40.
Ghafoori N and Dutta S. (1995) Laboratory investigation of compacted no-fines concrete for paving materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 7: 183-191.
Zheng M, Chen S and Wang B. (2012) Mix design method for permeable base of porous concrete. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 5: 102-107.
Nguyen DH, Sebaibi N and Boutouil M, et al. (2014) A modified method for the design of pervious concrete mix. Construction and Building Materials 73: 271-282.
ACI committee 522 (2006). pervious concrete. Report No. 522R-10, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Detroit, USA.
Schaefer, V.R., Wang, K. and Suleiman, M.T., (2006) “Mix Design Development for Pervious Concrete in Cold Weather Climates. Technical report, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, USA.
Weller, C., (2015). This 'thirsty' concrete absorbs 880 gallons of water a minute-here's how it works. Available at: http://www.techinsider.io/how-magical-concrete-absorbs-water-2015-9/(accessed 9/28/2015).
Malhotra VM. (1976) No-Fines Concrete-Its Properties and Applications. In Journal Proceedings, 628-644.
Ghafoori N and Dutta S. (1995) Development of no-fines concrete pavement applications. Journal of Transportation Engineering 121: 283-288.
Scholz M and Grabowiecki P. (2007) Review of permeable pavement systems. Building and Environment 42: 3830-3836.
Yang J and Jiang G. (2003) Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete pavement materials. Cement and Concrete Research 33: 381-386.
Kevern JT. (2008) Advancement of pervious concrete durability. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26789/JSC.2016.02.005
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2016 Xin Wang, Zhen Li, Bing Han, Baoguo Han, Xun Yu, Jinping Ou
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.